By adopting strategic measures to mitigate the immediate impacts of CBAM and investing in long-term environmental sustainability, India can navigate the challenges posed by this new policy landscape
The European Union’s (EU) decision to implement the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) marks a pivotal moment in global trade and environmental policy. Slated to transition into effect in October 2023 with full implementation by January 2026, CBAM is not just a policy tool; it is a statement of intent, reflecting the EU’s commitment to achieving its climate goals as outlined in the “Fit for 55 in 2030 package.” This ambitious initiative aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, aligning with the broader objectives of the European Climate Law. The introduction of CBAM underscores a growing trend towards incorporating environmental considerations into the very fabric of international trade relations, setting a precedent that could redefine global manufacturing, energy production, and consumption patterns.
CBAM: A Closer Look
At its core, CBAM is designed to level the playing field between EU producers, who are subject to strict carbon pricing regulations under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), and non-EU producers, who may not face similar costs. This mechanism requires importers of certain goods to purchase carbon certificates that reflect the carbon content of their imports, effectively imposing a carbon cost on products from countries with less stringent environmental policies. By doing so, the EU aims to prevent carbon leakage, where companies might relocate production to countries with laxer environmental standards to circumvent EU regulations.
Implications for India
The direct impact of CBAM on India is profound. As a significant exporter of steel, aluminium, and cement to the EU, India finds itself at a crossroads. The policy places a tangible economic burden on Indian exporters, who will now have to navigate the complexities of this new carbon tax regime. Given the high carbon intensity of these sectors in India, primarily due to the country’s reliance on coal as a primary energy source, the costs could be substantial. The Indian government and industry stakeholders are thus faced with the challenge of reevaluating their production and export strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of CBAM.
Challenges and Opportunities
The introduction of CBAM poses several challenges for India, not least of which is the potential for increased production costs that could erode the competitiveness of Indian exports in the EU market. This is particularly concerning given the carbon-intensive nature of India’s manufacturing sector, where coal accounts for approximately 75 percent of energy consumption. The discrepancy between India’s energy profile and that of the EU, where renewable energy sources are increasingly prevalent, underscores the urgency of transitioning to cleaner energy and production methods.
However, within these challenges lie opportunities for innovation and growth. By incentivising the adoption of greener technologies and practices, CBAM could serve as a catalyst for India to accelerate its own environmental reforms. This transition, while daunting, is not only necessary for meeting international standards but also beneficial for India’s long-term economic and environmental health.
Strategic Measures for India
To navigate the complexities of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), India has the opportunity to implement several strategic measures that can mitigate potential impacts while fostering environmental innovation. Enhancing domestic policies to prioritise carbon efficiency is a crucial step. This could involve revising the National Steel Policy and the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to incentivise not just production capacity expansion but also significant reductions in carbon emissions. Such revisions would align domestic production processes with global environmental standards and improve the competitiveness of Indian exports under the new EU regulations.
In addition to policy reform, India should actively leverage its diplomatic channels to negotiate more favourable terms under CBAM with the European Union. This could include efforts to have India’s existing carbon pricing measures, such as the coal cess, recognised as equivalent to carbon pricing under EU standards. Successfully negotiating such terms could significantly reduce the carbon tax burden on Indian exports, easing the transition for key industrial sectors and safeguarding market access.
Another strategic measure involves proactive investment in green technologies and renewable energy sources. Accelerating the adoption of cleaner production technologies not only aids compliance with international standards such as CBAM but also enhances the overall sustainability and economic viability of Indian industries. Investing in renewable energy and green technology will be essential for India to reduce its carbon footprint and meet international expectations.
Furthermore, the development of a Carbon Credit Trading System (CCTS) in India marks a progressive step towards integrating market-based mechanisms to address environmental challenges. Such systems can incentivize carbon-efficient practices across industries, providing a means to offset some of the financial impacts imposed by CBAM while promoting sustainable industrial practices.
Lastly, India’s role as a global leader and emerging economy provides a unique platform to advocate for the concerns of developing nations. By challenging the fairness of CBAM and advocating for global environmental policies that consider the developmental stages and capacities of various countries, India can contribute to shaping a more equitable approach to global climate governance. This leadership can help ensure that environmental policies do not disproportionately burden developing nations but instead support their transition towards greener economies.
Through these strategic measures, India can not only manage the immediate challenges posed by the EU’s CBAM but also position itself as a leader in sustainable industrialization, paving the way for a more balanced and fair global environmental policy landscape.
Conclusion
The EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism presents a complex challenge to India’s export sectors, particularly those that are carbon intensive. However, it also offers an opportunity for India to embark on a transformative journey towards sustainability and resilience. By adopting strategic measures to mitigate the immediate impacts of CBAM and investing in long-term environmental sustainability, India can navigate the challenges posed by this new policy landscape. The transition to a greener economy is not just about compliance; it’s about seizing the opportunity to lead in the global shift towards sustainability, ensuring economic growth and environmental protection go hand in hand. In doing so, India can emerge as a key player in the global effort to combat climate change, setting a precedent for developing nations around the world.
(Dr. Kaviraj Singh is the Founder and Managing Director of Earthood.)